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This article takes an in depth look at mezzanines.
You will learn:
A mezzanine is an intermediate floor installed in a building between the main floor and the ceiling that is partly open to the main floor. They have a low ceiling and project out over the main floor but do not completely cover it. Mezzanines can be freestanding, hung from the ceiling, or be a permanent part of a building.
In many instances, mezzanines are referred to as the floor above the ground floor. Depending on their purpose, mezzanines can be permanent or temporary and serve as extra office space, storage area, or a work platform. Mezzanines can be installed in multiple locations and formats from a platform outside a building to improve building access or as a second level to a work area.
Freestanding mezzanines, as seen in the diagram below, can easily be dismantled to be repositioned or relocated.
Unfortunately, use of the term mezzanine tends to create confusion since buildings are built with permanent mezzanine levels, are made of concrete and steel, and are included in a building inspector's classification of a building.
A mezzanine deck or work platform is not a permanent structure and is normally added after a building has been completed. Mezzanine decks are additional workspaces that are added as a company expands its operation and grows. They become a necessity when there is a need for extra space.
An easy way to divide mezzanines is to determine their classification. In the case of a structure that is included in the original construction of a building, it appears on a building inspector‘s report and is regularly checked. They require facilities such as bathrooms, handicap accessibility, and elevators and are included in the tax assessment of the building.
The other class of mezzanine, the less permanent variety, is a piece of equipment similar to production machines and various types of machinery. They appear on an inspector‘s report as equipment.
Though mezzanines are temporary, they are solidly built from cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, stainless steel, fiberglass, or aluminum. Decking or flooring can be finished wood, steel, aluminum, or fiberglass grating.
Mezzanines are usually installed in companies that are expanding and require additional space for storage, offices, or work areas. They are a cost effective method for maximizing used space and doubling a building's available work area.
Typically, mezzanines are installed in warehouses, distribution centers, and factories with high ceilings to take advantage of the unused space below the ceiling. Industrial mezzanines are structural, roll formed, rack-supported, or shelf-supported with room for high density storage.
When making the decision to install a mezzanine, the first consideration is the load requirement. Though all mezzanines have similar design, the type of materials to construct them vary depending on the amount of weight they will have to support. Aluminum or fiberglass can be perfect for additional offices or light part storage. In the case of heavy equipment, steel or stainless steel would be the better choice.
Free standing mezzanines, or equipment platforms, are not connected to the main structure of the building and are flexible enough to be reconfigured. They have a securely fixed base that is completely safe but easy to move or reposition. Supported by columns, free-standing mezzanines are bolted to the floor and take up minimal space. They are perfect for situations where the space under the mezzanine needs to be used.
Rack supported mezzanines are lighter and offer the option of a catwalk with a storage area. They are a cost effective method of providing extra storage space. Rack supported mezzanines are supported by rack uprights instead of structural legs. The framing of the mezzanine, joints and stringers, bolt to columns to create the decking. The connection to the columns makes the decking more stable and firmly anchored. Racks and shelves are close together to support the structure.
Catwalk mezzanines are used to increase the capacity of tall shelves or racks. The upper area of arack is accessible from catwalks that extend from the floor of the mezzanine. Existing shelving provides support for the mezzanine frame. Support columns can be added to offer additional support between the shelves. Catwalk mezzanines are a variety of shelving and rack supported mezzanines.
The principle and primary use of catwalks are as walkways for access to conveying systems, machinery, hoppers, silos, and attic space. Much like mezzanines, catwalks take advantage of overhead space by transforming it into secure and safe walkways for a multitude of purposes. They can be self supporting like a freestanding mezzanine or hung from ceiling drops.
Full mat mezzanines are another variety of shelves and rack supported mezzanines. They combine the features of free-standing and catwalk designs and are supported by shelving or rack uprights. As can be seen in the diagram, the area above the shelving is open and can be used for bulk storage, office space, or an employee cafeteria. They can be installed over existing shelving or rack uprights.
Prefabricated, or modular, mezzanines come ready for use and are handy for quickly added extra space. They are free-standing and delivered ready to install to fit seamlessly into a work space. Prefabricated mezzanines are engineered for easy assembly and can be reconfigured when circumstances change.
Common uses for prefabricated mezzanines include storage, offices, towers, and equipment platforms. Their easy installation increases floor pace quickly and economically. They are less expensive than constructed mezzanines and take less time and labor to set up. As with custom designed mezzanines, prefabricated mezzanines come in assorted heights, number of platforms, weight capacities, and beam and column configurations.
Roll formed mezzanines are an economical cost effective storage solution that can add extra space using light gauge steel. They are designed for commercial warehousing, retail stores, or any location where there is limited interaction of the mezzanine with forklifts or heavy lifting equipment. Rolled form mezzanines can be installed quickly in a wide variety of sizes to fit the needs of an operation. Their light weight makes it possible to adjust them to fit workload changes.
A structural steel mezzanine has steel beams and columns with metal decking for concrete or wood applications. Unlike roll formed mezzanines, structural steel mezzanines are heavier and a better option for shops and businesses that have large expansive production areas. They are made from high grade heavy duty steel that is durable enough for equipment handling and warehousing machinery.
Steel fabricated mezzanines are found in warehouses, equipment platforms, and industrial and manufacturing operations. The use of steel provides increased durability, strength, and safety. They can be freestanding and are bolted together to enhance their resilience. Concrete flooring is commonly used with structural steel mezzanines for its high point load and low noise.
In the majority of cases, mezzanines are used for extra storage space and to take advantage of the unused area under the ceiling. Though this may be a primary use, manufacturers have expanded the available types of mezzanines to fit a wider array of uses.
In addition to extra storage space, mezzanines provide a work area for equipment or machinery in hard to reach areas. Chemical tanks, industrial pumps, sorting machines, conveyor systems, and space capsules are the types of equipment that mezzanine systems can be designed to accommodate. The adjustable deck heights, load ratings, and deck layouts allow for easy access to machine maintenance and specialized processes. Described below are a few of the uses for mezzanines.
Mezzanine offices are a comfortable work environment above the floor but take up a minimal workspace. In most organizations, supervisors have to remain on the manufacturing floor but need to have an office to complete paperwork. Mezzanine offices offer office space on the factory floor not far from the work area.
Mezzanines can be designed for conveyor and catwalk systems, which offers a method for transporting employees and inventory above the facility floor in order to not disturb work areas. Catwalks can be added to connect pre-existing mezzanine levels and can be ceiling hung or supported from the floor or adjacent structures including racks and mezzanines. The surface of a catwalk can be grated steel or solid, depending on the need and environment. They allow access between buildings over machinery and equipment.
Equipment and work platforms added extra space for heavy equipment. The area of an equipment platform can cover up to two thirds of the main floor space. If a building has a mezzanine and equipment platform, the mezzanine and equipment platform will cover two-thirds of the main floor space and will require a sprinkling system. Work platforms can hold cranes, conveyors, material lifts, and pallet racks.
Equipment or work platforms provide support for industrial equipment and systems like piping and are supported by structural steel. They have ladders, railings and handrails, kick plates, staircases, and gates. Unlike regular mezzanines, equipment platforms must be designed for the amount of weight they will hold as well as their height and other dimensions.
Companies strive to incorporate automation into their operations but do not have the necessary space. Overhead steel platforms, as seen in the example below, are designed to efficiently move materials leaving the ground floor free for time sensitive and operationally critical processes.
Mezzanine flooring is common in retailing since it adds additional display areas for products. The use of mezzanines significantly increases per square foot space and improves shelf space. Having additional area in a retail space has been found to increase sales and profits with a small investment. The fact that a mezzanine can be torn down and relocated or removed when not needed further enhances its value.
Workshops are constantly running into conditions where they have large orders but not enough space to meet the demand. Mezzanines offer the flexibility to meet increased needs without having to relocate or rent an additional site. Shop congestion and overflow can be moved to a mezzanine to enhance efficiency and improve productivity. The cost of mezzanines is within the range of small workshops that have a sudden increase in business. This aspect of mezzanines and their flexibility make them ideal for small operations to meet the requests for large orders.
The purposes of equipment platforms are efficiency, convenience, and immediate access. Much like catwalks, equipment platforms offer clear and unobstructed access to equipment for monitoring, repair, and operation. They can be designed to encapsulate a piece of equipment or stand next to it. They are freestanding made of either roll formed metals or structural steel. Aside from their use with equipment, equipment platforms can be used in facilities that have tank and silo storage for regulating and managing capacities and structure.
Mezzanines offer a cost effective way to increase the use of available space and take advantage of unused areas below the ceiling. As companies grow and need additional office and work space, but want to avoid the expense of an addition, they turn to mezzanines and platforms.
When examining the advantages of mezzanines, it is important to be aware of the potential safety hazards. Improper installation and use can result in serious injuries to employees and equipment. Below is a brief description of things to consider when installing a mezzanine.
As with any structure, mezzanines have a set of building codes and requirements that have to be followed. In most cases, each state has a separate set of codes and specifications as well as codes from the Office of Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and International Building Codes (IBC).
All mezzanine suppliers and manufacturers strictly adhere to the code requirements for the safety of their customers.
Much like fire exits to a building, staircases to mezzanines must never be blocked or cluttered. Obstructed access may cause workers carrying equipment to fall or be injured. Employees must be properly trained on how to use the mezzanine and identify its risks. As a safety precaution, stair widths are required to be 36″ wide and have skid-resistant diamond plated treads.
All mezzanines have their own design specifications. In cases where a side is exposed, appropriate guardrails are required to be installed.
The floor of a building has to be able to support the weight of the mezzanine. Most buildings have a floor slab that is six to eight inches thick, which is capable of supporting 25,000 lbs. If the building is on sandy soil or where there is a high water table, it may not be able to support a mezzanine.
There isn't a standard load capacity for mezzanines. How much a mezzanine can handle and its load limit is determined by local building codes and manufacturer specifications. For a mezzanine to meet weight limit specification, it has to be able to support its capacity across the entire deck area.
When calculating the amount of weight that will be placed on an installed mezzanine, the factors to consider are equipment, any office space, and the number of people and their weights.
Local and federal building codes apply to mezzanines. During the installation process, manufacturers conscientiously work to comply with all rulings and regulations. Manufacturers supply posters and notices to be displayed in the work area to make employees aware of mezzanine rules. Failure to comply with codes and regulations can lead to fines and the shutdown of the facility.
A mezzanine should be placed as close as possible to the work area that it serves to reduce the time needed for workers to access the mezzanine and avoid having to walk back and forth across the facility. Future growth and expansion must be considered if it is necessary to move the mezzanine or have it enlarged.
Openings in guard rails on a mezzanine create fall hazards. These are best protected by safety gates with a dual-gate system. Tri-sided gates have two gates. The first gate is opened to allow the load to be dropped while the second gate keeps the employee back and protects them.
Material and equipment used on a mezzanine, and pallet drop area, help determine which type of safety gate model is appropriate. When overhead hoists are used near the mezzanine, a gate with an open top is appropriate. Products can be lifted onto the deck in the open space, while the employee is protected behind a gate.
The number of gates and how they are used determines the types of gates that will need to be installed be needed. When overhead hoists are used near the mezzanine, a gate with an open top is appropriate. Products can be lifted onto the deck in the open space, while the employee is protected behind a gate.
There are a number of safety gate models that provide fall protection nad include roly, pivot, clear aisle, and self closing. The type of gate has to meet the use of the mezzanine and protect employees.
Pictured below is an open top safety gate.
There are several things that need to be considered when deciding to install a mezzanine. The most important factor is to determine how the mezzanine will be used, whether it is going to be for office space, storage, manufacturing, or equipment placement. The information below lists some of the factors to consider as you plan for a mezzanine installation.
The size and use of the mezzanine is the most critical factor, which will determine the needed weight capacity of the mezzanine. In the majority of cases, mezzanines are built to increase available space.
Part of deciding on the purpose of a mezzanine is what the size of its size will be. The size and floor plan of a mezzanine is often determined by the available space. Once a clear picture of the purpose has been developed, then it is necessary to design a floor plan and decide on the placement of personnel, walls, and equipment.
Once the mezzanine is installed, it is important to understand how it will help your operation and improve efficiency. The goals for the mezzanine will help decide if it will be necessary to add additional components such as hoists, racking, or shelving.
The weight loading of a mezzanine floor is measured in kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2). How you want to use the extra space will decide the necessary weight loading. The general guidelines for weight loading are:
Most building slabs are six to eight inches thick and capable of supporting 25,000 lbs. Prior to deciding on the type of mezzanine, engineers will carefully study the composition of the soil on which the building rests to ensure a safe installation of the mezzanine. The slab capacity determines the types of columns and footings that will be necessary to support the mezzanine.
OSHA requires that mezzanines be at least seven feet off the floor with enough clears for a person. When designing a mezzanine, it is important to consider how the extra space will be used.
These are two major safety considerations and are part of the purpose of the mezzanine. If the mezzanine is going to be part of the manufacturing process, the types of handrails or guardrails will be determined in regard to the safety of employees. The types of stairways are specified in building codes and are required to have handrails with diamond patterned steps as seen in the image below.
Mezzanine floors are composite engineered wood, plywood, particle board, steel, grating, diamond plate, or concrete.
The mezzanine design has to meet all building code requirements. This is a primary concern for West Coast states like California, Oregon, Washington, Utah, and Nevada that have Seismic Zone requirements. A properly designed mezzanine meets IBC codes, AISC & ASTM standards, and OSHA requirements. International Building Codes (IBC) governs most parts of the United States. All mezzanine jobs are subject to IBC requirements.
In certain cases, customers may be required to use OSHA code ASA minimum requirement for stairs and railings.
A well-engineered and designed mezzanine has accounted for all of the necessary variables to install a mezzanine that matches the space requirements and qualification. An over designed mezzanine will have too many features and use unnecessary or inappropriate materials. An under-designed mezzanine can have the potential of structural failure and may collapse. A properly designed mezzanine uses as little steel as possible to achieve the correct capacity. A design should maximize material efficiency to optimize strength and have the least amount of material to reach desired capacity.
All mezzanines have the same basic elements. How they are configured and installed varies depending on the use of the mezzanine. When considering the purchase of a mezzanine, it is important to know the basic requirements to be able to intelligently discuss the installation with a supplier. Below is a brief discussion of the important facts about mezzanines.
Framing is crucial for proper support of the mezzanine. Some of the types of framing include:
C section spans an innumerable number of feet and have no limit to the size and type of application where it can be used.
Beam and C-Section can span more than 20 feet in one direction and keeps the depth of structure to a minimum. The combination is used in all sizes of mezzanines.
Beam and Beam is used for heavy loading or unusual spans.
Beam and Bar Joist is used for medium to large mezzanine projects where wide spans and high capacity are needed.
Bar Joist and Girder Joist are open-web and are used in large projects or in large spans where high capacity is needed.
Handrails are on stairways and must be 36″ high from the stair tread. They must be welded and have a smooth and continuous finish.
A guardrail prevents a person from falling over the edge and must be a minimum of 42″ high.
PSF determines the design load or uniform load from Table 1607.1 of the IBC Code. The minimum design load for mezzanines or work platforms is 125 PSF. Very few applications require a uniform load heavier than 125 PSF. A 50′ x 50′ mezzanine, with a 125 PSF, can handle 312,500 pounds, which is 208 pallets weighing 1,500 lbs. The PSF for a mezzanine is the average for the whole deck of the mezzanine and not one specific spot.
Footings may be necessary if it is determined that the building's slab will not be able to handle the load. The decision for using footings is from the design engineer who checks the original blueprints of the building.
Each coding agency has a different method for determining stair runs.
Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and fiberglass are commonly used in the construction of mezzanines.
Building codes are the basic rules for deciding if a mezzanine is an intermediate level or another floor of a building. The main regulating agencies are the International Building Code (IBC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). They have very similar definitions of what a mezzanine is.
The International Building Code definition of a mezzanine is:
"A mezzanine is an intermediate level between the floor and ceiling of any story. In regards to the building code, mezzanines must comply in accordance with Section 505.2 of the International Building Code (IBC)."
A mezzanine, in compliance with Section 505.2, is considered a portion of the story above and does not need to contribute to the building area or number of stories as stipulated in Section 503.1, when determining the size of a building. Though it is not factored into the building area, its square footage will be included in determining the fire area. Mezzanines must be constructed of materials documented to the building‘s Construction Type per Table 601.
The clearance height above and below a mezzanine cannot be less than 7 feet. The total area of a mezzanine, within a room, cannot be greater than 1/3 the floor area of the room in which it is located.
Occupants of a mezzanine must have access to at least two means of egress where the common path of egress traveled exceeds the limitations of Section 1014.3. Where a stairway provides a means of exit access from a mezzanine, the maximum travel distance includes the distance traveled on the stairway measured in the plane of the tread nosing. Accessible means of egress shall be provided in accordance with Section 1007.
A mezzanine must be open to the room in which it is located, except for walls that are not more than 42 inches in height. There are exceptions to the openness rule. One exception is if there are not more than ten people on the mezzanine. Another exception is if there are two or more exits.
OSHA‘s regulations for mezzanines fall under construction standards for fall protection titled Walking Working Surfaces Rule, 1910 Subpart D:
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